This investigative report uncovers questionable sourcing and a placing lack of bodily or eyewitness proof in two early reviews which were extensively cited to bolster claims that Hamas dedicated mass sexual violence in its Oct. 7, 2023, assault on Israel.
Editor’s Notice: The story that follows is just not typical of the options journalism that YES! focuses on. The writer first submitted a model of this story, centered on debunking a serious New York Occasions investigation, to YES! and one other outlet in early January. In gentle of the seriousness of the genocide in Gaza, and YES!’s perception within the significance of fact-based, impactful journalism, we accepted the submission and are proud to current the ensuing in-depth investigation. A warning for our readers that descriptions of the alleged rapes and violence are graphic and disturbing.
Following Hamas’ Oct. 7 assaults that resulted in at the least 1,163 deaths, rumors started circulating that Israeli girls have been experiencing horrific mass rape and sexual violence. Months later, a place paper by Physicians for Human Rights Israel and a New York Occasions investigation satisfied many observers that Hamas used rape as a weapon of conflict. However an investigation by YES! analyzing each reviews, different media investigations, tons of of reports articles, interviews with Israeli sources, and photograph and video proof reveals a stunning conclusion: There isn’t any proof mass rape occurred.
The New Yorker, New York Occasions, Related Press, and The Nation deal with PHRI’s paper because the gold customary for proof of Hamas’ rape and sexual violence. However the paper is shockingly skinny. It lacks authentic reporting and is predicated on media reviews which can be doubtful at greatest with no corroboration—no forensic proof, no survivor testimony, no video proof.
Throughout a two-hour-long interview that was heated at instances, Hadas Ziv, director of ethics and coverage at Physicians for Human Rights Israel (PHRI), acknowledged quite a few issues with the place paper she co-authored, “Sexual and Gender-Primarily based Violence As a Weapon of Warfare Throughout the October 7, 2023 Hamas Assaults.”
Ziv admitted credibility issues with sources and that she didn’t assessment all accessible proof. She was “unaware” quite a few sources had fabricated atrocity tales about Oct. 7. Ziv stated, “Yeah, that’s an issue,” a few soldier she quotes whose declare of rape was modified by the federal government. She quoted volunteers from Zaka, a scandal-plagued group that collected human stays after Oct. 7, however Ziv didn’t notice Zaka brazenly talks of inventing tales. When discussing claims that ladies’s sexual organs have been intentionally mutilated, Ziv conceded, “OK, if there’s different explanations you may’t say that.”
Whereas admitting “I didn’t know all of the tales that you just talk about that discredit these witnesses,” Ziv additionally lashed out: “I really feel like I’m a rape sufferer that’s being interrogated.” YES! responded, “Not each interview is a pleasant interview.”
Additional, the PHRI paper is riddled with errors small and huge. Names are misspelled, quotes don’t match hyperlinks, and a person is misidentified. Ziv was unaware that the Israeli authorities alleges it has forensic proof of rape, which it has not produced publicly. Most egregious, Ziv didn’t notice her paper counted one alleged gang rape as two separate incidents.
The New York Occasions’ Dec. 28, 2023, story, “Screams With out Phrases,” has additionally been handled as proof that Hamas dedicated widespread sexual violence.
The cornerstone of that report is Gal and Nagi Abdush, a pair killed on Oct. 7. The Occasions says Israeli police imagine Gal Abdush was raped. However the one proof given is a “grainy video” of Gal’s burned corpse, “mendacity on her again, gown torn, legs unfold, vagina uncovered.” Gal turned often called “the girl within the black gown.” The story blew up within the Occasions’ face. Surviving relations denied she was raped.
PHRI references the video of Gal Abdush as proof of potential “sexual abuse.”
The Occasions talked about messages that Gal and Nagi, mother and father of two youngsters, despatched to their household in the course of the assault. After Gal was killed, Nagi despatched “a closing audio message” to his brother Nissim Abdush at 7:44 a.m., “Handle the youngsters. I like you,” proper earlier than he was killed.
However the Occasions fails to say different textual content and cellphone messages that make it virtually not possible Gal was raped. She messaged at 6:51 a.m. about intense explosions on the border, primarily based on an Instagram remark by Miral Altar, Gal’s sister.
9 minutes later, at 7:00 a.m., Nagi Abdush known as his brother Nissim to say Gal was shot and dying.
Mondoweiss stated Nissim informed his story to an Israeli TV station. He stated Nagi by no means talked about Gal was raped, nor did Israeli police point out to the surviving household that Gal was sexually assaulted. The Occasions by no means explains how Gal may very well be captured, raped, fatally shot, and burned to loss of life in 9 minutes whereas Nagi messaged his household and by no means talked about any bodily contact with Hamas forces.
YES! spoke with Nissim and Neama Abdush, siblings of Nagi. They stated Nagi known as twice, first to say Gal had been shot within the coronary heart and had died, after which his farewell name asking them to maintain their youngsters. Neama stated, “No, no, no,” when requested whether or not Nagi stated something about Gal being attacked or raped.
In a follow-up name, Nissim reiterated the police didn’t give any indication Gal was sexually assaulted, however he refused to supply any extra particulars except he was paid 60,000 “{dollars}, shekels.”
Tali Barakha, one other sister of Gal, wrote on Instagram, “Nobody can know if there was rape.”
The Doubtful Dozen
PHRI’s paper said there may be “ample proof to require an investigation of crimes in opposition to humanity.” The New York Occasions claimed “assaults in opposition to girls weren’t remoted occasions however a part of a broader sample of gender-based violence on Oct. 7.”
But there are terribly few sources. Twelve people account for the overwhelming majority of rape and sexual violence claims in tons of of articles.
Eight of those sources are in PHRI’s paper and 6 are in The New York Occasions report. Investigations by The Washington Publish, The Guardian, The Straits Occasions, BBC, AP, Reuters, The Wall Avenue Journal, NBC Information, The New Yorker, and varied CNN segments all depend on a mix of those 12 sources.
All however one of many 12 sources are linked to the Israeli army and police, such because the Dwelling Entrance Command. 5 of the sources are Zaka volunteers who informed tales that smack of fabrications. 5 different sources claimed they noticed corpses that bore indicators of rape or sexual violence. Not one among these sources was professionally skilled to make such assessments, and practically all fabricated tales, as described beneath.
That leaves solely two individuals who claimed they witnessed rape. The federal government of Israel’s complete case for mass rape is constructed on two allegations: a supply often called “Witness S.,” or Sapir, put ahead by the police, and an Israel Defence Forces (IDF) particular forces soldier, Raz Cohen. The soldier has modified his story quite a few instances, making it suspect, whereas Sapir’s account is so fantastical as to defy perception, as defined beneath.
Even when all 12 sources are thought-about solely credible, their accounts lack photograph and forensic proof and survivor testimony. At greatest they’re unsubstantiated claims.
As for proof, two reviews have thrown chilly water throughout it. First, Ha’aretz reported on Dec. 24 that Israeli police despatched a court docket order to “normal and psychiatric hospitals” to “present info on the victims of sexual offenses dedicated by Hamas terrorists on October 7.” It was a tacit admission that police lack survivor testimony. The court docket order additionally undercut claims that alleged survivors weren’t being recognized to guard them as distinctive particulars would make it easy to establish them.
Second, an much more revealing Ha’aretz report printed on Jan. 4, 2024, identified that “[t]he police are having problem finding victims of sexual assault or witnesses to acts from the Hamas assault, and are unable to attach the prevailing proof with the victims described in it.” Police are so determined they appealed by means of the media, with out success to date, “to encourage those that have info on the matter to come back and testify.”
United Nations specialists have supplied some proof. On Jan. 29, a U.N. envoy in Israel investigating sexual violence on Oct. 7 issued a plea by means of the Israeli president’s workplace for “victims of alleged sexual assault [to] break your silence.” It was met with silence. Then on Feb. 19, 4 U.N. specialists stated they “expressed alarm over credible allegations” that Israel had subjected tons of of Palestinian girls and ladies in Gaza to “arbitrary detention,” “degrading therapy,” “a number of types of sexual assault,” together with rape, and “deliberate focusing on and extrajudicial killing.”
Extrapolating “Proof” From Rumour
A lot of the protection of Oct. 7 is reminiscent of 9/11 conspiracy theories. Reporters have tried to glean “reality” from ambiguous pictures and jumped to conclusions with out contemplating different potentialities. An undressed corpse doesn’t equal sexual assault. Garments could be torn off whereas fleeing, in panic, hiding in brush, or dressing wounds.
The New York Occasions recounted the loss of life of the Evens household in Kibbutz Be’eri, utilizing texts and pictures. Caught in a fireplace, “they stripped to their underwear.” Troopers later discovered “a number of half-naked our bodies mendacity beneath a line of timber.” The mother and father and two teenage boys “had all been shot lifeless.”
Equally, steel fragments in a physique doesn’t equal sexual violence. A Reuters report on Be’eri, one of many worst-hit communities on Oct. 7, described how grenade blasts in a protected room turned screws from a settee into shrapnel that punctured the leg of a 13-year-old woman. If she had not lived would that now be a case of Hamas sexual violence?
Requested in regards to the Reuters report, PHRI’s Ziv admitted, “OK, if there’s different explanations you may’t say that” it was sexual violence.
Various explanations applies to just about each sexual violence declare within the media.
Head in Fingers
Two witnesses, the nameless supply Sapir and Raz Cohen, present essentially the most dramatic claims of sexual violence in PHRI’s paper, the Occasions, and different media. Sapir and Cohen attended the Supernova music competition and claimed to see gang rapes going down 50 to 150 ft away from their hiding spots. The Occasions locations them a couple of miles aside, which means Sapir and Cohen have been describing completely different assaults.
In early November Israeli police confirmed a three-minute video clip with Sapir’s face blurred to reporters, however they refused to take questions and have since “declined” to launch all the interview. Stories on the three-minute clip and shorter excerpts on the net have been all that was recognized of Sapir’s story till The New York Occasions interviewed her “a number of instances.” The Occasions says Sapir is “a 26-year-old accountant” who “has change into one of many Israeli police’s key witnesses.”
The Occasions stated Sapir was wounded in her again and feeling faint. She hid close to a street lined “in dry grass and lay as nonetheless as she may.” She claimed to see a bunch of “about 100 males” concerned within the horrific rape and homicide of “at the least 5 girls.” The Occasions stated:
The primary sufferer she stated she noticed was a younger lady with copper-color hair, blood operating down her again, pants pushed all the way down to her knees. One man pulled her by the hair and made her bend over. One other penetrated her, Sapir stated, and each time she flinched, he plunged a knife into her again.
She stated she then watched one other lady “shredded into items.” Whereas one terrorist raped her, she stated, one other pulled out a field cutter and sliced off her breast.
“One continues to rape her, and the opposite throws her breast to another person, they usually play with it, throw it, and it falls on the street.” …
Across the identical time, she stated, she noticed three different girls raped and terrorists carrying the severed heads of three extra girls.
Examine this to what’s recognized of the police video. In a 52-second clip of the police video, Sapir claimed a girl standing on her ft was raped by militants and handed round. Sapir stated a militant “cuts her breasts. He throws it on the street. They’re taking part in with it.”
Referring to the police video, the BBC added that Sapir claimed a militant killed the girl and continued to rape her. “He … shot her within the head earlier than he completed. He didn’t even decide up his pants; he shoots and ejaculates.”
One journalist who seen a part of the video stated Sapir claimed “some terrorists have been carrying heads of their palms [beheaded] as trophies, saying there wasn’t a factor [they] didn’t do to the heads,” implying that Hamas fighters have been having intercourse with severed heads.
Sapir’s story and the way it modifications between the police video and Occasions report raises many questions. How may she see 100 militants and quite a few assaults whereas mendacity nonetheless, lined? How does one sufferer of rape change into 5? Why did one lady who was raped and had her breast reduce off within the police video change into two girls within the Occasions story?
Given such a slaughter—severed heads, hacked-off components, blood sprays, and 5 mutilated corpses—the place is the forensic and photograph proof? Why are there no witnesses who can confirm any of her accounts, corresponding to intercourse with severed heads and corpses that sound like they’re out of Dante’s Inferno?
The Occasions printed a follow-up defending the Dec. 28 report after it was hammered for poor sourcing and lack of proof, nevertheless it solely raised extra questions on flimsy reporting.
PHRI’s place paper bungles Sapir’s story as effectively, citing it as two separate incidents. It’s first talked about within the “Victims” part as “a girl who detailed the group rape and homicide of a younger lady by assailants wearing army uniforms.” Then, PHRI cited Sapir’s story once more beneath “Visible Testimonies” as it’s a video. Hadas Ziv admitted the error to YES!, however no different media shops have picked up PHRI’s error.
Altering Tales
Raz Cohen, the second eyewitness to assert he noticed rape, is a former Israeli officer from “the elite Maglan unit.” Neither the unique Occasions report nor PHRI mentions Cohen is an ex-special forces soldier or that his story has modified quite a few instances.
Cohen hid in a streambed with buddies after fleeing the Supernova competition. Based on the Occasions, he claimed to see a white van pull up about 40 yards away and 5 males drag a girl throughout the bottom, “younger, bare, and screaming.” Cohen stated, “They begin raping her. I noticed the lads standing in a half circle round her. One penetrates her. She screams. I nonetheless keep in mind her voice, screams with out phrases. Then one among them raises a knife, they usually simply slaughtered her.”
Initially, Cohen’s story was completely different. On Oct. 7, he described tons of of terrified individuals fleeing Hamas gunmen throughout a discipline as some have been shot and fell. Cohen and others hid for six hours within the bush as gunshots whistled above them and a battle between “our military and the terrorists” raged round them.
Within the subsequent three days, a shaken Cohen described related experiences in movies and interviews. He stated individuals have been “slaughtered with knives.” The Australian Broadcasting Company reported in an Oct. 10 story primarily based on an interview with Cohen that, “Hamas militants stabbed a bunch of ladies close by.” However he made no point out of rape or sexual violence.
Then Cohen’s story modified. Later within the day in an Oct. 10 look, Cohen stated on PBS Newshour, “The terrorists, individuals from Gaza, raped ladies. And after they raped them, they killed them, murdered them with knives, or the other, killed—and after they raped, they—they did that.” In an Oct. 24 interview with the Washington Free Beacon he additionally claimed a girl was raped and murdered.
It’s notable that Cohen’s story is strikingly just like Sapir’s: a number of gang rapes, killing with knives, sexual assault of corpses. No main media has picked up on the similarities, nor that the variety of victims seems to go from a number of to 1.
Since each Sapir and Cohen’s accounts surfaced, a special companion who hid with every one has since come ahead. The Occasions interviewed each, and their accounts don’t again up these of Sapir or Cohen. There are different accounts of rape and sexual violence, however the sources can’t be recognized or say they “heard” however didn’t visually witness rape.
Additional undermining Sapir and Cohen are reviews on the bloodbath of 364 individuals on the competition. CNN, BBC, The Guardian, The Wall Avenue Journal, The New York Occasions, The New Yorker, ABC Information, and NBC Information reconstructed the killing discipline utilizing pictures, movies, social media, and interviews with dozens of competition goers. It was a horrific slaughter, however nobody talked about torture, sexual violence, or rape.
Nor have police substantiated Sapir or Cohen’s tales regardless of possessing “over 60,000 ‘visible paperwork’ together with movies from GoPro cameras worn by attackers, CCTV footage and pictures from drones.” YES! reviewed each graphic video and photograph it may find, together with in a Telegram channel, Israeli authorities web sites, and a five-part sequence of, frankly, snuff movies. They present militants, brutal killings, and tons of of corpses, however nothing just like the scenes Sapir or Cohen described.
Physique Baggage and Cash Grabs
The dearth of proof of mass rapes has been attributed to Israeli authorities claims that non secular considerations and chaos prevented the gathering of forensic proof. However different reviews point out Israel manipulated proof, forensics, and Zaka testimony that each one create the looks of a marketing campaign of mass rape.
Ha’aretz reported Zaka volunteers sidelined troopers in gathering proof after Oct. 7.
[The] IDF determined to forego the deployment of tons of of troopers particularly skilled within the identification and assortment of human stays in mass casualty incidents. As an alternative, the Dwelling Entrance Command selected to make use of Zaka, a personal group.
A Nov. 12 Ynet report suggests why Zaka took the lead. An info specialist in Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s workplace boasted to Ynet that Zaka testimonies “had an amazing affect on the reporters” by portraying Hamas as “human-monsters.” That bolstered Israel’s narrative that “Hamas is the same as Isis … deepening the legitimacy of the state to behave with nice power,” the official stated.
On high of serving as conflict propaganda, tales by Zaka volunteers seem invented. This writer described in a current Intercept investigation how Zaka officers say “we’re utilizing our creativeness” once they recount atrocities and “the our bodies is telling us the tales that occurred to them.” Western media is filled with Zaka atrocity claims, practically all of that are fabrications, doubtful, or unsubstantiated.
Much more stunning, Zaka was based a long time in the past by Yehuda Meshi-Zahav, who allegedly sexually assaulted at the least 20 minors over a long time earlier than being uncovered in 2021. Meshi-Zahav and relations reportedly used “shadow organizations” to divert hundreds of thousands of {dollars} from a practically bancrupt Zaka right into a “slush fund” to finance “a lavish way of life in 5-star resorts and a multi-million greenback villa.”
Ha’aretz reported that in Oct. 7 restoration efforts, a financially troubled Zaka used “the lifeless as props” for fundraising. Within the course of, Ha’aretz says, Zaka wrecked forensic proof that would show or disprove rape claims.
PHRI’s paper consists of testimony from two Zaka volunteers. After being informed a couple of Zaka tales, Hadas Ziv informed YES!, “I didn’t know that they’re unreliable. … However perhaps I’m simply trusting individuals who inform the story as it’s and I don’t look into [it].”
Reuters, CNN, The New York Occasions, BBC, The Guardian, NBC, Politico, The Wall Avenue Journal, and The Washington Publish additionally quote Zaka volunteers with no point out of previous scandals or current controversies.
A Flood of Disinformation
Remaining sources even have credibility issues. One is an nameless paramedic with Unit 669, an elite Israeli search-and-rescue outfit. The soldier claims he discovered a lifeless woman, “14, 15-years-old teenager,” on the ground of a house in a kibbutz. She was “on her abdomen, her pants are pulled down, and he or she is half-naked. Her legs are unfold out, vast open, and there are stays of sperm on her again. Somebody executed her proper after he brutally, brutally raped her.”
He first spoke on Oct. 25 with Republic World, a right-wing Indian information channel, his again to the digicam. Ziv linked to a clip within the PHRI paper from the identical interview that Eylon Levy tweeted the identical day. A spokesperson for Netanyahu, Levy is a conduit of disinformation.
Within the full interview, the paramedic stated a teammate “pulled out of the rubbish” a 1-year-old child “a number of instances stabbed throughout his physique.” He additionally claimed there have been “Arabic sentences that have been written on entrances to homes [with] the blood of the people who have been residing in these homes.”
One toddler was killed on Oct. 7, 10-month-old Mila Cohen, “who was shot whereas within the arms of her mom,” who survived.
Evidently, these tales seem like fabrications as effectively. Extra considerably, the paramedic is typical of different main sources. Their claims are wild, there’s no different witnesses, no impartial reporting, no photograph or forensic proof, no details about the deceased.
Additional weakening his credibility, the paramedic initially recognized Kibbutz Nahal Oz 3 times as the positioning of the assault and translated its title as “River of Power.” In Nahal Oz, at the least 60 troopers have been killed and 12 civilians. 5 relations have been killed in a single house, together with two sisters, however they have been adults, aged 18 and 20.
Maybe realizing not one of the victims in Nahal Ouncesmatched the paramedic’s description, Eylon Levy modified the situation to Be’eri in a tweet and trimmed the clip to chop out all references to Nahal Oz.
When speaking to The New York Occasions, AP, The Washington Publish, and CNN, the paramedic solely referenced Be’eri as the situation. The variety of victims modified as effectively, hardly a minor level, from one to two, to half a dozen, and again to one or two.
When requested about how she did her analysis for the PHRI paper, Ziv stated, “I checked each report that was accessible to me.” The Republic World interview of the paramedic was accessible to her as she linked to the brief clip Levy tweeted out within the PHRI paper.
After listening to an outline of the paramedic’s false tales, Ziv stated, “No, I didn’t see this one.” YES! requested, “So that you didn’t have a look at all of the proof then?” Ziv responded, “No I didn’t, in all probability.”
Ziv additionally stated, “Yeah, that’s an issue” in regards to the reality Netanyahu’s workplace altered the paramedic’s story and that he’s an nameless army supply.
Useless Infants
Six of the 12 sources fabricated dead-baby tales, together with Shari Mendes. A volunteer army reservist who labored within the Rabbinate Corps on the Shura army morgue in Central Israel for 2 weeks, Mendes helped “medics with fingerprinting and cleansing feminine troopers’ our bodies,” in keeping with Reuters.
On Oct. 20, Mendes informed The Every day Mail, “A child was reduce out of a pregnant lady and beheaded after which the mom was beheaded.” Senior personnel at Shura, Col. Rabbi Haim Weisberg and retired Brig. Gen. Rabbi Israel Weiss, additionally claimed they found a pregnant mom killed together with her fetus.
Ha’aretz says, “This horrific incident … merely didn’t occur.”
PHRI quotes Mendes from a Nov. 9 Occasions of Israel report. Mendes says, “Sure, we have now seen that ladies have been raped. Youngsters by means of aged girls have been raped. Forcible entry, to the purpose that bones have been damaged.” Mendes has additionally alleged, “We noticed genitals reduce off, heads reduce off, infants, palms, ft, no purpose.” She says, “This isn’t simply one thing we noticed on the web, we noticed these our bodies with our personal eyes.”
PHRI cites Capt. Maayan, an IDF reservist and dentist at Shura, from the identical article. The Occasions of Israel wrote:
Maayan stated on October 31 that she has seen a number of our bodies that had indicators in step with sexual abuse.
“I can inform that I noticed a whole lot of indicators of abuse within the [genital region],” Maayan stated, utilizing her hand to euphemistically show. “We noticed damaged legs, damaged pelvises, bloody underwear,” and girls who weren’t dressed beneath the waist, she stated.
The Occasions of Israel stated Mendes is just not “legally certified to find out rape.” Likewise PHRI cautioned that “emergency and medical personnel who supplied testimonies” weren’t “professionally skilled to find out whether or not rape had occurred.”
However PHRI tries to have it each methods. It cites claims of rape and sexual abuse from Shari Mendes, Capt. Maayan, the paramedic, Itzik Itah and Simcha Greiniman of Zaka, and its closing supply, Rami Shmuel, a music competition organizer.
If these sources can’t decide rape, why embrace them? PHRI additionally says “the accounts they supplied point out the perpetration of sexual violence.” What qualifies them to conclude wounds are deliberate indicators of sexual violence and never from weapons?
When requested how Mendes may have recognized damaged pelvises have been attributable to mass rape, Ziv stated, “She doesn’t, she doesn’t. She will be able to solely say that that is what she noticed. She will be able to’t say this can be a results of rape.”
So why is Israel seemingly making untrained civilians the face of mass rape claims? At a high-profile U.N. session on Dec. 4, organized with the assistance of tech mogul Sheryl Sandberg, Mendes, and Greiniman testified and components of Sapir’s video have been proven.
Greiniman, a deputy commander in Zaka, claimed bare girls have been tied to timber on the Supernova competition, he discovered a toddler with a knife caught by means of its head, and he found international fighters—they left their IDs of their pockets. Why did Israel select to current sources with a few of the most weird and hard-to-believe tales to the world?
Why have medical doctors, pathologists, or troopers who recovered stays not provided testimony or documentation of rape, sexual assault, or different atrocities? Israel has produced movies of forensic investigations of Oct. 7 victims. Media got entry to doc atrocities on the Nationwide Middle of Forensic Drugs on Oct. 16.
On Oct. 14, Reuters, Ha’aretz, and Politico joined a media tour of Shura organized by Israeli officers. Reuters reported, “Army forensic groups … discovered a number of indicators of torture, rape and different atrocities.” Rabbi Israel Weiss, who helped oversee the identification of the lifeless, stated “Many our bodies confirmed indicators of torture in addition to rape.” Capt. Maayan stated, “Forensic examination discovered a number of circumstances of rape,” in keeping with Politico.
However, in keeping with Reuters, “The army personnel overseeing the identification course of didn’t current any forensic proof within the type of photos or medical information.”
Not lengthy after, Zaka volunteers, Shari Mendes, and the Unit 669 paramedic started making a splash within the media. Little has been heard from the forensic specialists since.
Tali Shapiro supplied analysis assist for this story.
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Arun Gupta is a graduate of the French Culinary Institute and has written for the Washington Publish, the Nation, The Every day Beast, The Uncooked Story, The Guardian, and different publications. He’s the writer of the upcoming Bacon as a Weapon of Mass Destruction: A Junk-Meals-Loving Chef’s Inquiry into Style (The New Press).
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